Scientists are baffled about what has caused red marks resembling huge cat scratches on one of Saturn’s icy moons.

Like graffiti sprayed by an unknown artist, unexplained arc-shaped, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has picked up reddish streaks running across the surface.

Images taken using clear, green, infrared and ultraviolet spectral filters were combined to create the enhanced-colour views, which highlight subtle colour differences across the icy moon’s surface at wavelengths not visible to human eyes.

The red arcs are narrow, curved lines on the moon’s surface, and are among the most unusual colour features on Saturn’s moons to be revealed by Cassini’s cameras.

A few of the red arcs can be seen faintly in observations made earlier in the Cassini mission, which has been in orbit at Saturn since 2004.

But the colour images for this observation, obtained in April 2015, are the first to show the see arcs clearly.

As the Saturn system moved into its northern hemisphere summer over the past few years, northern latitudes have become increasingly well illuminated. As a result, the arcs have become clearly visible for the first time.

“The red arcs really popped out when we saw the new images,” said Cassini participating scientist Paul Schenk of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. “It’s surprising how extensive these features are.”

^{A new colour image of Saturn's icy moon Tethys}

The origin of the features and their reddish colour is a mystery to Cassini scientists. Experts have suggested that the reddish material is exposed ice with chemical impurities, or the result of gas jets coming from beneath the surface.

They could also be fractures in the ground, but below the resolution to be properly picked out.

Except for a few small craters on Saturn’s moon Dione, reddish-tinted features are rare on other moons of Saturn. Many reddish features do occur, however, on the geologically young surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa.

“The red arcs must be geologically young because they cut across older features like impact craters, but we don’t know their age in years.” said Paul Helfenstein, a Cassini imaging scientist at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, who helped plan the observations.

“If the stain is only a thin, coloured veneer on the icy soil, exposure to the space environment at Tethys’ surface might erase them on relatively short time scales.”

The Cassini team is currently planning follow-up observations of the features, at higher resolution, later this year.

“After 11 years in orbit, Cassini continues to make surprising discoveries,” said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

“We are planning an even closer look at one of the Tethys red arcs in November to see if we can tease out the source and composition of these unusual markings.”

^{Two of Saturn's moons, Tethys (left) and Dione (right)}